Comparative Dissolution Profiles of Branded versus Generic Clopidogrel Bisulfate: Assessing In Vitro Bioequivalence

-

  • Prettish Kishore Raisinghani i3L University, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Fitri Kristyawan i3L University, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Aries Badrus Sholeh i3L University, Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Pradip Iramdhan Aliyansah i3L University, Jakarta, Indonesia
Keywords: Bioequivalence, Clopidogrel bisulfate, Dissolution profile, Generic and Branded

Abstract

Clopidogrel, an antiplatelet agent widely prescribed for thromboembolic disorders, holds a substantial market presence in Indonesia, with a valuation of IDR 4.52 trillion. While plavix (branded form) remains as one of the leading treatments for such conditions, its high cost makes it unaffordable for a significant portion of Indonesia’s population. This underscores the necessity for generic alternatives that mimic the properties of the branded product to ensure broader accessibility and affordability for patients. To achieve this, generic clopidogrel bisulfate tablets must undergo the same crucial biopharmaceutical stages such as disintegration, drug release, aqueous dissolution, and systemic absorption to achieve therapeutic efficacy similar to the branded version. Despite being the most expensive tablet, the branded form serves as a standard reference to evaluate the dissolution profile, quality, and efficacy of locally manufactured generic formulations. This study investigates the dissolution profile and physical properties of generic clopidogrel bisulfate tablets produced by PT Phapros TBK, compared to a branded clopidogrel bisulfate product licensed by Sanofi in France. Quality attributes including weight and size uniformity, hardness, and disintegration time were assessed as per the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia (5th edition) standards. Dissolution tests were conducted at pH levels of 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8, with 12 sample replications at each interval, to determine bioequivalence between the two formulations. Through this research, the aim is to illuminate the bioequivalence of generic and branded clopidogrel products in Indonesia, offering insights into their interchangeability and potential clinical impact in a high-demand market.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Prettish Kishore Raisinghani, i3L University, Jakarta, Indonesia

Departement of Pharmacy, i3L University

Fitri Kristyawan, i3L University, Jakarta, Indonesia

Departement of Pharmacy, i3L University

Aries Badrus Sholeh, i3L University, Jakarta, Indonesia

Departement of Pharmacy, i3L University

Pradip Iramdhan Aliyansah, i3L University, Jakarta, Indonesia

Departement of Pharmacy, i3L University

References

Adepu, S., & Ramakrishna, S. (2021). Controlled drug delivery systems: current status and future directions. Molecules, 26(19), 5905.
Alburyhi, M. M., Saif, A. A., Noman, M. A., & Hamidaddin, M. A. (2024). Formulation and Evaluation of Clopidogrel Orodispersible Tablets. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(6), 42-64.
Ali, B. A., Al-haddad, M. G., & Areqi, A. A. (2018). Comparative Evaluation of Some Commercial Clopidogrel Tablets Available in Yemen. Majalah Farmaseutik, 13(2), 79-87.
Al-Gburi, M. H. (2022). Quality control testing of conventional clopidogrel bisulfate tablets marketed in Iraq. Int J App Pharm, 14(1), 221-225.
Anaya-Esparza, L. M., Villagrán-de la Mora, Z., Ruvalcaba-Gómez, J. M., Romero-Toledo, R., Sandoval-Contreras, T., Aguilera-Aguirre, S.,& Pérez-Larios, A. (2020). Use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as reinforcement agent of polysaccharide-based materials. Processes, 8(11), 1395.
Aventis, S. (2010). Center for Drug Evaluation and Research approval package for: Application Number: 20839Orig1s042 Trade Name: Plavix Generic Name: clopidogrel bisulfate. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2010/020839Orig1s042.pdf
Blanco, D., Antikainen, O., Räikkönen, H., Yliruusi, J., & Juppo, A. M. (2021). Effect of colloidal silicon dioxide and moisture on powder flow properties: Predicting in-process performance using image-based analysis. International journal of pharmaceutics, 597, 120344.
BPOM. (2018). Guideline for Good Manufacturing of Drugs. The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved from: https://klikcpob.pom.go.id/pedoman-cpob/
BPOM. (2022) Guideline of Bioequivalent Test. The Indonesian Food and Drug Authority of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved from: https://jdih.pom.go.id/download/product/1380/11/2022
De Backere, C., Surmont, M., De Beer, T., Vervaet, C., & Vanhoorne, V. (2023). Screening of lubricants towards their applicability for external lubrication. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 632, 122553.
Eikelboom, J. W., Hirsh, J., Spencer, F. A., Baglin, T. P., & Weitz, J. I. (2012). Antiplatelet drugs: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 141(2), e89S-e119S.
El-Laithy, H. M., Badawi, A., Abdelmalak, N. S., & El-Sayyad, N. (2018). Cubosomes as oral drug delivery systems: a promising approach for enhancing the release of clopidogrel bisulphate in the intestine. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 66(12), 1165-1173.
Farfan, S., Valdez, M. M., Fandino, O., Sperandeo, N., & Faudone, S. (2020). Comparative dissolution and polymorphism study of clopidogrel bisulfate tablets available in Argentine. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 10(10), 062-071.
Farmakope Indonesia (FI). (2020). Farmakope Indonesia Edisi VI. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Retrieved from: https://Farmakope%20Indonesia%20Edisi%20VI.pdf
Gao, H., Jin, C., Li, X., So, Y. M., & Pan, Y. (2024). A Hydrophilic Polyethylene Glycol-Blended Anion Exchange Membrane to Facilitate the Migration of Hydroxide Ions. Polymers, 16(11), 1464.
Janssen, P. H., Berardi, A., Kok, J. H., Thornton, A. W., & Dickhoff, B. H. (2022). The impact of lactose type on disintegration: An integral study on porosity and polymorphism. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 180, 251-259.
Jassim, Z. E., & Hussein, A. A. (2017). Dissolution method development and enhancement of solubility of clopidogrel bisulfate. Int Res J Pharm, 8(6), 25-9.
Jiang, X. L., Samant, S., Lesko, L. J., & Schmidt, S. (2015). Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 54(2), 147-166.
Kaurav, M., Sahu, K., Joshi, R., Akram, W., Raj, P. M., Raj, R., & Minz, S. (2024). Oil and Fats as Raw Materials for Coating Industries. Oils and Fats as Raw Materials for Industry, 169-194.
Kurashima, H., Uchida, S., Kashiwagura, Y., Tanaka, S., & Namiki, N. (2020). Evaluation of weight variation in mini-tablets manufactured by a multiple-tip tool. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 68(10), 981-988.
Kwon, Y. H., Banskota, S., Wang, H., Rossi, L., Grondin, J. A., Syed, S. A., & Khan, W. I. (2022). Chronic exposure to synthetic food colorant Allura Red AC promotes susceptibility to experimental colitis via intestinal serotonin in mice. Nature communications, 13(1), 7617.
Markl, D., Maclean, N., Mann, J., Williams, H., Abbott, A., Mead, H., & Khadra, I. (2021). Tablet disintegration performance: Effect of compression pressure and storage conditions on surface liquid absorption and swelling kinetics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 601, 120382.
Ojsteršek, T., Hudovornik, G., & Vrečer, F. (2023). Comparative Study of Selected Excipients’ Influence on Carvedilol Release from Hypromellose Matrix Tablets. Pharmaceutics, 15(5), 1525.
Silvia, F., Marina Marcos, V., Octavio, F., Norma, S., & Sonia, F. (2020). Comparative dissolution and polymorphism study of clopidogrel bisulfate tablets available in Argentine. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, Volume: 10(Issue: 10). https://doi.org/10.7324/japs.2020.10107
Sirait, S. M., Hanafi, H., & Rahmatia, L. (2020). A Comparative In-vitro Dissolution Profiles of Generic and Branded Amoxicillin. PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia), 17(2), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.30595/pharmacy.v17i2.6618
Tawfik, E. A., Tawfik, A. F., Alajmi, A. M., Badr, M. Y., Al-Jedai, A., Almozain, N. H., Bukhary, H. A., Halwani, A. A., Al Awadh, S. A., Alshamsan, A., Babhair, S., & Almalik, A. M. (2022). Localizing pharmaceuticals manufacturing and its impact on drug security in Saudi Arabia. Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, 30(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2021.12.002
Van der Merwe, J., Steenekamp, J., Steyn, D., & Hamman, J. (2020). The role of functional excipients in solid oral dosage forms to overcome poor drug dissolution and bioavailability. Pharmaceutics, 12(5), 393.
Yu, X., Wang, N., Zhang, R., & Zhao, Z. (2017). Simple synthesis hydrogenated castor oil fatty amide wax and its coating characterization. Journal of Oleo Science, 66(7), 659-665.
Zhang, X., Xing, H., Zhao, Y., & Ma, Z. (2018). Pharmaceutical dispersion techniques for dissolution and bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. Pharmaceutics, 10(3), 74.
Zhao, H., Zhao, L., Lin, X., & Shen, L. (2022). An update on microcrystalline cellulose in direct compression: Functionality, critical material attributes, and co-processed excipients. Carbohydrate Polymers, 278, 118968
Published
2025-09-29
How to Cite
Raisinghani, P., Kristyawan, F., Sholeh, A., & Aliyansah, P. (2025). Comparative Dissolution Profiles of Branded versus Generic Clopidogrel Bisulfate: Assessing In Vitro Bioequivalence. Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences, 7(02), 1-14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54250/ijls.v7i02.233
Section
Life Science for Health and Wellbeing