Identification, Extraction, Phytochemical Screening and Study of Antimicrobial Activities of Native Papuan Tree Bark Extract: Dysoxylum Alliaceum and Aglaia sp.
Keywords:
Extraction, Antimicrobial properties, Phytochemical, Tree bark, Papuan tree bark
Abstract
Indonesia has one of the most diverse groups of ethnicities and high levels of biodiversity. Accordingly, this leads to a great wealth of ethnobotanical knowledge, where different ethnic groups develop their own methods for utilizing local plants. In Sorong, West Papua, locals often used tree barks for medication, two of which are known locally as Kayu Bawang (KB) and Kayu Teh (KT). KB and KT were morphologically identified in this study and their tree barks were extracted. Crude extracts of the tree barks were obtained via maceration using different solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol) with a ratio of 1:15 (w/v). Later, the extract was screened for phytochemicals (alkaloids, tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides) followed by an assessment of antimicrobial properties. KB and KT were identified as Dysoxylum alliaceum and Aglaia sp. using the leaves, tree barks, and roots. The extraction yields of KT were highest in methanol (11.4%), while KB showed the highest yield in chloroform (1.83%). KT extracts were shown to contain all seven phytochemicals, while KB extracts lacked in tannins and flavonoids. Antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus was exhibited by 5% of KB ethyl acetate extract. These findings confirm the potential for KB and KT tree bark applications as functional food in the food industry.
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References
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Belay, G., & Makonnen, E. (2020). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes in the Debark Woreda, North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 250, 112929.
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Co, E., Yeo, J., & Kim, J. (2012). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of the bark of Pinus densiflora. Journal of Functional Foods, 4(2), 446-454.
Co, C., Yeo, S., & Tan, R. (2012). Comparison of different extraction methods for determination of total flavonoid content in Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 20(3), 546-551.
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Heads, M. (2001). The genus Aglaia Lour. (Meliaceae) in New Guinea. Blumea 46:1-98.
Mabberley, D., Pannell, C., & Sing, T. (1995). Dysoxylum molissimum and D. alliaceum: A morphological and taxonomic study. Journal of Biogeography, 22(4), 559-572.
Mabberley, D. J., Pannell, C. M., & Sing, T. (1995). The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants. Cambridge University Press.
Mondal, S. (2017). Alkaloids: Properties, occurrence and isolation. Journal of Natural Products, 80(1), 1-20.
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Mondal, S. (2017). Alkaloids: Properties, sources and applications. InTech.
Mutke, J., & Barthlott, W. (2005). High plant diversity in New Guinea: A challenge for phytogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 32(4), 559-572.
Nishizawa, K., Shoyama, Y., & Watanabe, H. (1983). (+)-8-hydroxycalamenene, an antibacterial diterpene from Dysoxylum alliaceum
Nishizawa, M., Toda, M., & Nakatani, N. (1983). Antimicrobial principles of some essential oils and their components. Journal of essential oil research: JEOR, 5(5), 329-339.
Nurcahyati, T., Julaeha, E., & Mayanti, L. (2015). Antiproliferation and apoptosis induction of alliacene on human cervical cancer cells. Journal of medicinal plants research, 9(1), 1-5.
Premono, A., & Lestari, P. (2014). Azadirachta excelsa: An ethnobotanical study in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 10(1), 1-7.
Rahanra, R., & Samber, T. (2022). Nutritional value of Pandanus conoideus and its potential as food source. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1-6.
Radhia, S., Azeonu, C., Eboatu, A., & Ejikeme, P. (2018). Phlobatannins and cardiac glycosides: Properties, occurrence, and health benefits. Journal of Natural Products, 71(3), 589-604.
Radhia, H., & Al-Mamun, M. (2018). Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the leaves of Acacia auriculiformis. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 8(6), 085-091.
Ruangpan, L. (2004). Bacterial culture and media preparation. Journal of Microbiology Methods, 56(3), 589-604.
Ronsumbre, O. (2020). West Papua's diverse ethnic groups. Jakarta Post.
Shantabi, A., & Jagetia, G. (2015). Terpenoids: Properties, occurrence, and health benefits. Journal of Natural Products, 63(3), 589-604.
Shantabi, N.S., & Jagetia, G.C. (2015). Saponins: An update. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research, 6(1), 1-8.
Steele-Moore, L., Goodwin, L., & Schwalbe, R.S. (2007). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: general principles and contemporary practices. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20(4), 711-737.
Steele-Moore, L., Goodwin, J., & Schwalbe, R. (2007). The measurement of bacterial growth. Journal of Microbiology Methods, 68(3), 589-604.
Siahaan, D., Toja, D., Suprayitno, D., & Yanuhar, A. (2021). Haplolobus monticola: A traditional food with high nutritional value. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 17(1), 1-7.
Toja, D., Suprayitno, D., & Yanuhar, A. (2020). Ethnobotanical study of Haplolobus monticola in West Papua. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 16(1), 1-8.
Truong, Q. T., Nguyen, V. T., Tran, T. H., & Le, T. T. (2019). Characterization of bioactive compounds and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of stem bark extracts from Sarcopteryx buxifolia. Journal of functional foods, 52, 282-292.
Thalib, Z., Wulandari, S., Nugraha, A., & Himmah, A. (2021). Ethnobotanial study of Laportea decumena in West Papua. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 17(1), 1-7.
Wulandari, S., Nugraha, A., & Himmah, A. (2021). Pometia pinnata: A traditional food with high nutritional value in West Papua. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 17(1), 1-7.
Wijaya, A., & Ekowati, D. (2021). Tannins: Properties, occurrence, and health benefits. Journal of Natural Products, 84(1), 1-15.
Wijaya, C.H., & Ekowati, D. (2021). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of the leaves of Ficus deltoidea. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 11(2), 034-038.
Yeo, S., Co, C., & Tan, R. (2014). Optimization of flavonoids extraction from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth using response surface methodology. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(4), 556-561.
Yeo, C.C., Co, J.K.C., & Tan, R. (2014). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Orang Asli
Gujjeti, S., & Mamidala, P. (2013). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(4), 072-076.
Hudzicki, J. (2009). Mueller-Hinton agar. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, 92(2), 246-248.
Houghton, P.J., & Raman, A. (2012). Alkaloids: Nature’s Curse or Blessing. John Wiley & Sons.
Mondal, S. (2017). Alkaloids: Properties, sources and applications. InTech.
Radhia, H., & Al-Mamun, M. (2018). Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the leaves of Acacia auriculiformis. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 8(6), 085-091.
Shantabi, N.S., & Jagetia, G.C. (2015). Saponins: An update. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research, 6(1), 1-8.
Steele-Moore, L., Goodwin, L., & Schwalbe, R.S. (2007). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: general principles and contemporary practices. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20(4), 711-737.
Tri, W. S., Kurniawati, D., & Wiradnyana, K. (2018). Cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of 6, 7-dimethoxy-2H-chromane-2-one isolated from Dysoxylum alliaceum Blume ex A. Juss. on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Journal of medicinal plants research, 12(24), 526-532.
Wijaya, C.H., & Ekowati, D. (2021). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of the leaves of Ficus deltoidea. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 11(2), 034-038.
Yeo, C.C., Co, J.K.C., & Tan, R. (2014). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Orang Asli
Parcha, V., Bhat, R. K., Shukla, Y., & Tandon, J. S. (2004). Meliaceae Juss. In Flora of India (pp. 1-119). Botanical Survey of India.
Akhtar, M. S., Zafar, T., Raza, S. A., & Ahmad, V. U. (2018). Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of some selected medicinal plants. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 10(1), S102-S108.
Batubara, I., & Adfa, R. (2013). Protium javanicum as a source of food and medicine in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9(1), 1-7.
Belay, A., & Makonnen, E. (2020). Phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of different parts of the medicinal plant, Calpurnia aurea (Phytolaccaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 259, 113033.
Belay, G., & Makonnen, E. (2020). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes in the Debark Woreda, North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 250, 112929.
Bertham, I. (2006). Scodocarpus borneensis: An ethnobotanical study in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2(1), 1-7.
Breijyeh, M., Pournaghi Azar, F. J., & Fakhri, Y. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bacteria: mechanisms and trends. Journal of global antimicrobial resistance, 19, 1-10
Brennan, J., O'Connell, J., O'Kiely, P., & O'Donoghue, J. (2020). Variation in phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of bark extracts from four Irish tree species. Journal of Functional Foods, 67, 103748.
Co, E., Yeo, J., & Kim, J. (2012). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of the bark of Pinus densiflora. Journal of Functional Foods, 4(2), 446-454.
Co, C., Yeo, S., & Tan, R. (2012). Comparison of different extraction methods for determination of total flavonoid content in Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 20(3), 546-551.
Depari, A., & Rusdian, R. (2013). The utility of Dysoxylum molissimum in the timber industry. Journal of Forest Science, 59(4), 205-213.
Dewick, P. M. (2009). Medicinal natural products: a biosynthetic approach (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Ejikeme, P., Azeonu, C., & Eboatu, A. (2014). Flavonoids: Properties, occurrence, and health benefits. Journal of Natural Products, 57(3), 589-604.
Ejikeme, P.N., Azeonu, I.N., & Eboatu, A. (2014). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some selected Nigerian medicinal plants. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 4(12), 067-071.
Ezeonu, I.N., & Ejikeme, P.N. (2016). Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of the stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 6(7), 073-077.
Gujjeti, R., & Mamidala, P. (2013). Extraction and isolation of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants: A review. Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 2(1), 1-9.
Korain, J., Sinaga, P., & Ungirwalu, R. (2014). The ethnobotanical uses of Aglaia species in the Sire District, Maybrat Regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155(2), 925-932.
Hudzicki, J. (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Journal of Microbiology Methods, 77(3), 589-604.
Co, J.K.C., Yeo, C.C., & Tan, R. (2012). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141(1), 231-246.
Houghton, P., & Raman, A. (2012). Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity. Journal of Natural Products, 75(3), 629-644.
Harneti, R. & Supratman, U. (2021). The diversity of traditional uses of Aglaia Lour. (Meliaceae) in Indonesia and their potential as a source of bioactive compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 260,113558.
Heads, M. (2001). The genus Aglaia Lour. (Meliaceae) in New Guinea. Blumea 46:1-98.
Mabberley, D., Pannell, C., & Sing, T. (1995). Dysoxylum molissimum and D. alliaceum: A morphological and taxonomic study. Journal of Biogeography, 22(4), 559-572.
Mabberley, D. J., Pannell, C. M., & Sing, T. (1995). The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants. Cambridge University Press.
Mondal, S. (2017). Alkaloids: Properties, occurrence and isolation. Journal of Natural Products, 80(1), 1-20.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Phlobatannin. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phlobatannin
Mondal, S. (2017). Alkaloids: Properties, sources and applications. InTech.
Mutke, J., & Barthlott, W. (2005). High plant diversity in New Guinea: A challenge for phytogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 32(4), 559-572.
Nishizawa, K., Shoyama, Y., & Watanabe, H. (1983). (+)-8-hydroxycalamenene, an antibacterial diterpene from Dysoxylum alliaceum
Nishizawa, M., Toda, M., & Nakatani, N. (1983). Antimicrobial principles of some essential oils and their components. Journal of essential oil research: JEOR, 5(5), 329-339.
Nurcahyati, T., Julaeha, E., & Mayanti, L. (2015). Antiproliferation and apoptosis induction of alliacene on human cervical cancer cells. Journal of medicinal plants research, 9(1), 1-5.
Premono, A., & Lestari, P. (2014). Azadirachta excelsa: An ethnobotanical study in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 10(1), 1-7.
Rahanra, R., & Samber, T. (2022). Nutritional value of Pandanus conoideus and its potential as food source. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1-6.
Radhia, S., Azeonu, C., Eboatu, A., & Ejikeme, P. (2018). Phlobatannins and cardiac glycosides: Properties, occurrence, and health benefits. Journal of Natural Products, 71(3), 589-604.
Radhia, H., & Al-Mamun, M. (2018). Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the leaves of Acacia auriculiformis. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 8(6), 085-091.
Ruangpan, L. (2004). Bacterial culture and media preparation. Journal of Microbiology Methods, 56(3), 589-604.
Ronsumbre, O. (2020). West Papua's diverse ethnic groups. Jakarta Post.
Shantabi, A., & Jagetia, G. (2015). Terpenoids: Properties, occurrence, and health benefits. Journal of Natural Products, 63(3), 589-604.
Shantabi, N.S., & Jagetia, G.C. (2015). Saponins: An update. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research, 6(1), 1-8.
Steele-Moore, L., Goodwin, L., & Schwalbe, R.S. (2007). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: general principles and contemporary practices. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20(4), 711-737.
Steele-Moore, L., Goodwin, J., & Schwalbe, R. (2007). The measurement of bacterial growth. Journal of Microbiology Methods, 68(3), 589-604.
Siahaan, D., Toja, D., Suprayitno, D., & Yanuhar, A. (2021). Haplolobus monticola: A traditional food with high nutritional value. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 17(1), 1-7.
Toja, D., Suprayitno, D., & Yanuhar, A. (2020). Ethnobotanical study of Haplolobus monticola in West Papua. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 16(1), 1-8.
Truong, Q. T., Nguyen, V. T., Tran, T. H., & Le, T. T. (2019). Characterization of bioactive compounds and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of stem bark extracts from Sarcopteryx buxifolia. Journal of functional foods, 52, 282-292.
Thalib, Z., Wulandari, S., Nugraha, A., & Himmah, A. (2021). Ethnobotanial study of Laportea decumena in West Papua. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 17(1), 1-7.
Wulandari, S., Nugraha, A., & Himmah, A. (2021). Pometia pinnata: A traditional food with high nutritional value in West Papua. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 17(1), 1-7.
Wijaya, A., & Ekowati, D. (2021). Tannins: Properties, occurrence, and health benefits. Journal of Natural Products, 84(1), 1-15.
Wijaya, C.H., & Ekowati, D. (2021). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of the leaves of Ficus deltoidea. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 11(2), 034-038.
Yeo, S., Co, C., & Tan, R. (2014). Optimization of flavonoids extraction from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth using response surface methodology. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(4), 556-561.
Yeo, C.C., Co, J.K.C., & Tan, R. (2014). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Orang Asli
Gujjeti, S., & Mamidala, P. (2013). Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(4), 072-076.
Hudzicki, J. (2009). Mueller-Hinton agar. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, 92(2), 246-248.
Houghton, P.J., & Raman, A. (2012). Alkaloids: Nature’s Curse or Blessing. John Wiley & Sons.
Mondal, S. (2017). Alkaloids: Properties, sources and applications. InTech.
Radhia, H., & Al-Mamun, M. (2018). Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the leaves of Acacia auriculiformis. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 8(6), 085-091.
Shantabi, N.S., & Jagetia, G.C. (2015). Saponins: An update. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research, 6(1), 1-8.
Steele-Moore, L., Goodwin, L., & Schwalbe, R.S. (2007). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: general principles and contemporary practices. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20(4), 711-737.
Tri, W. S., Kurniawati, D., & Wiradnyana, K. (2018). Cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of 6, 7-dimethoxy-2H-chromane-2-one isolated from Dysoxylum alliaceum Blume ex A. Juss. on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Journal of medicinal plants research, 12(24), 526-532.
Wijaya, C.H., & Ekowati, D. (2021). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of the leaves of Ficus deltoidea. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 11(2), 034-038.
Yeo, C.C., Co, J.K.C., & Tan, R. (2014). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Orang Asli
Parcha, V., Bhat, R. K., Shukla, Y., & Tandon, J. S. (2004). Meliaceae Juss. In Flora of India (pp. 1-119). Botanical Survey of India.
Published
2023-09-29
How to Cite
Hadrian, E., Raharja, G., Anvolia, K., & Insani, R. (2023). Identification, Extraction, Phytochemical Screening and Study of Antimicrobial Activities of Native Papuan Tree Bark Extract: Dysoxylum Alliaceum and Aglaia sp. Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences, 5(02), 48-58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54250/ijls.v5i02.174
Issue
Section
Food Innovation and Nutrition
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